Base strength training
INTRODUCTION
This article aims to bring the reader a broad theoretical framework on the responses of strength training in prepubescent and pubescent soccer players. Bringing evidence about endocrine responses to physical activity, as well as stress increase in the period of peak pubertal growth velocity. In addition to these concepts that will be addressed the "science of football" always sought to associate scientific evidence with practical indications, understanding that each reality is based on specific circumstances.
The force plays an extremely important role in football, being one of the main skills to be developed as a result of its transfer to specific actions of the game. It is well known that the discussion of this theme is synonymous with strict requirements regarding its application in the basic categories to the detriment of the immaturity of the musculoskeletal system. For many years this content has been studied and explored in the specialized literature, several questions were raised about the real validation of strength training for children and young people in the sports scenario. However, this estimate of divergent views has been corrected as a result of the growing body of scientific evidence pointing to the resulting influence on strength training in the prepubertal and puberty periods. In the training of the training categories, a methodology based on strength training concepts will bring great benefits already in the initiation. The strength of character in prophylaxis concomitantly with the process of adaptation, growth and biological maturation is widely recommended within child physiology, being able to significantly increase the performance of the young footballer as ascension to other categories occurs. Therefore, regulated strength training for children and young people who militate in the sports context are not synonymous with disruption in the athlete's functional capacity, quite the contrary, is widely recommended in the consultation literature.
It is believed that strength training has its real importance in the training of high performance athletes if well applied, oriented and progressive and prophylactic. Variations of rhythms in muscle strength gain during youth training are persistently present individually in each player. Generally, the maximum rate of muscle strength gain occurs after peak growth velocity and is relatively associated with genetic inheritance. It is known that the muscular strength adopted by the soccer player has direct relations with his motor performance within the game scenario. The most predominant physical actions are characterized by lower limb strength, although there is no way to anatomically disassociate the force distribution during the action. According to Weineck (2003), the force is not manifested purely in a motor action, being necessary the combination of different capacities and abilities that determine the performance. However, the contents presented in this article about strength training in young soccer players will get a bias towards specificity over the imminent need to address the content. In short, the description of this article essentially brings out evidence that addresses the body's level of receptivity to strength training in different categories.
1. BASE FORCE TRAINING
Muscle strength training for children has been widely discussed in the literature and has become a scope for qualitative training of soccer players in grassroots categories. One of the major concepts that persisted for years about this training method was related to the harmful intervention that these stimuli could cause in relation to abnormal bone growth, affecting the cartilage epiphyses, producing musculoskeletal and ligament injuries due to immature musculoskeletal tissue. . Decades later, there are several conceptualizations that address the benefits of training more clearly. Regulations on the stimulation of strength in grassroots categories promote modifications in the potential of muscle metabolic capacities.
In early categories (8 to 11 pre-pubertal years), evidence indicates that well-regulated resistance training and supervising trained professionals are able to increase their strength levels in children and adolescents who militate at these ages. The common sense approach to strength training in children and adolescents has been weakened over the years to the detriment of specialized literature that addresses this need for understanding in the professional context. Thus, it is possible to state that prepubertal children, as they mature, respond with isometric and isokinetic strength gains without muscle hypertrophy in resistance training (Rowland 2008).
Reporting this assumption presented, according to the American Academy of Pediatrics (2001) (apod Malina; Bouchard; Bar-Or 2009 p. 555):
"Resistance training is now recommended as a safe and effective way to develop strength in children and adolescents, provided that the activity is performed in a supervised environment, with appropriate techniques and safety concerns." [...] (continued) Strength gains after training programs shorter than six weeks are usually associated with neuromuscular factors "(p. 555 and 556).
According to these referential data presented, the evidence so far about the increase in bias strength of a resistance training model in prepubescent children is very well conceptualized within the specialized literature. This increase in strength in this category consulted is usually associated with greater control of the neuromuscular mechanism. As the soccer player gains greater control and experience with force stimuli, the ability to control the agonist and antagonist muscle system increases, consequently, greater recruitment shots in the motor units. Children submitted to the Rowland (1996) study on strength training, between 8 and 12 weeks, had increased strength levels by about 20% to 30%. However, the aforementioned authors stress the imminent need to classify children according to biological maturity and not superficially to be classified as prepubescent or pubertal. However, the presented bases are not biased on the close relativity of the increase in strength levels in prepubescent children submitted to systematic resistance training programs. Ordinarily, samples in studies on resistance training in children are operationalized in chronologically separated groups, consequently, undergoing stimuli and evaluations. It is known that within each sample, there is a need for greater detail on the grouping of these individuals, and it is recommended to separate them according to their biological maturity, and not based on chronological age. Thus, some studies ceased to be part of this chapter to the detriment of this bias when prescribing biological maturity.
The increase in strength in medium training categories (14 to 15 years) is considerably related to the specific increase in testosterone, generating greater volume in muscle mass and bone growth in this training category (Rigolin 2010). It is recommended that the work of these athletes acquire greater volume and intensity, since, within this category, footballers have already achieved greater body awareness, which facilitates the application of exercises with higher levels of complexity. In other words, increased loads are one of the factors that can already be taken into account as a result of the greater adaptation generated by the organism in stimuli in previous categories. In this phase, the increase in strength is not only directed to greater control and activation of motor units as in previous phases, ie, the increase in different manifestations of force is associated with the secretion of androgen hormones in adolescents.
2. HORMON RELATED FORCE INCREASES
According to Bernuth, physical activities that respect the biological individualities of each child (prepubertal) is the best stimulus for the release of growth hormone (GH). The objective principle of the implementation of a training method with the character of stimulating the manifestations of force should have only this purpose, stimulating. Therefore, it is not recommended that the professional be based on strength training for young soccer players with the sole function of increasing the strength levels excessively, exceeding the eminent limits of the soccer player and not even aiming at muscular hypertrophy (muscle cross section ) before the young person reaches full maturity. Studies from the American Academy of Pediatrics (2001) and Bar-Or (1983) point out that strength training in prepubescent sportsmen - with low rates of strength-enhancing hormones (testosterone) - is possible to achieve relevant gains in weight gain. strength, although muscle tissue hypertrophy does not occur (Malina; Bouchard; Bar-Or 2009). Increases in relative strength in pre-pubertal children are more closely associated with neuromuscular control. This greater control in fiber recruitment (motor unit) is generated through methodologies based on scientific evidence, where the misuse of this tool may promote serious risks to the athlete's health. Referring to strength gains through resistance training methodologies in young pubertal (G3-G4 P3-P4 respectively) and post-pubertal (G5-P5) youngsters, they are related to increases in gonodal hormones.
4. FORCE INCREASE AT GROWTH SPEED (PVC) PHASE
Athletes who are maturationally developed in early periods (before 13.76 years according to Dalmo) tend to perform better physically on tasks that require a degree of motor efficiency such as flexibility, lower limb explosive power, fixed bar muscular endurance, speed and agility, in particular. compared to normal and late. However, when comparing the motor performance of young matured in late periods, according to a longitudinal sample in Belgian boys Malina; Bouchard; Bar-Or (2009, p.405) points out that "performance in late maturing boys improves from 18 to 30 years on all tasks, while early and middle maturing boys show little change or decline." This evidence serves as a further warning to coaches and fitness coaches about the importance of understanding the child's biological individualities in their critical developmental periods, knowing that an error in this process could lead to greater losses in potential football talent. Regarding the growth-related strength increase, it can be seen that the first significant gain in lower and upper limb muscle strength occurs during the growth spurt in height and peak at around 0.5 to 1 year after PVE. (Malina; Bouchad; Bar-or 2009). Boys developed at early maturity tend to obtain higher levels of strength in all categories when compared to athletes with normal or late maturity.
5. INJURY-RELATED STRENGTH TRAINING
Studying 52 pre-pubertal adolescents submitted to systematic strength training, Lillegard and his collaborators found only one case of injury during the activities, ie, according to the author, the application of the method when well oriented does not lead to arguments. commonly found in academic sports related to injuries. Therefore, with all the benefits found, it is known that the inclusion of children in contexts that explore the development of muscle strength in a well-oriented manner only adds values to the growth of the soccer player's healthy musculoskeletal system.
It was defined that ...
With the increasing literary exploration of strength training for children, it is easy to understand nowadays that this component had not caused the disruption of the soccer player's functional capacity, which is a concept widely defended in the past. However, it is noteworthy that strength training applied only in the various categories that support these young people, is not a guarantee of long-term success, requiring the stimulation and improvement of various motor skills and abilities during the process. In the initial categories (8 to 13 years), the imminent need of these footballers is not only to increase their strength levels, but to broaden their repertoire, with varied stimuli that evidence the creation of a solid motor base. In the medium categories (14 to 15 years old) that attend a critical period for the development of the gallows capacity as a result of the biological maturation periods, the training of other aspects associated with soccer should also be taken into consideration. This period is characterized by the need for systematic training with greater vigor in technical and tactical improvement. In general terms, strength training for children and youth is a means of success and should not be defined as a bridge that distances the athlete from other stages of training.
author: © 2016 Anderson V.S Ramos. Embu das Artes - São Paulo / private consultancy
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Press Release: Luciano Sousa Academic Formation in Physical Education and effort physiology from Universidade Castelo Branco in RJ
2019 Football Performance Analyst- CBF Academy
Email: lucianofisiol@gmail.com
